diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b2afda6..b6e4c8d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -9,9 +9,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 ### Added
 - **BREAKING** New requirements system
     - Replaces many features' existing requirements with new generic form
-- Formulas, which can be used to calculate buy max for you
-- Action feature
-- ETA util
+- **BREAKING** Formulas, which can be used to calculate buy max for you
+    - Requirements can use them so repeatables and challenges can be "buy max" without any extra effort
+    - Conversions now use formulas instead of the old scaling functions system, allowing for arbitrary functions that are much easier to follow
+    - There's a utility for converting modifiers to formulas, thus replacing things like the gain modifier on conversions
+- Action feature, which is a clickable with a cooldown
+- ETA util (calculates time until a specific amount of a resource, based on its current gain rate)
 - createCollapsibleMilestones util
 - deleteLowerSaves util
 - Minimized layers can now display a component
@@ -35,6 +38,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Tweaked modifier displays, incl showing negative modifiers in red
 - Hotkeys now appear on key graphic
 - Mofifier sections now accept computable strings for title and subtitle
+- Every VueFeature's `[Component]` property is now typed as GenericComponent
+- Make errors throw objects instead of strings
 - Updated b_e
 ### Fixed
 - NaN detection stopped working
@@ -54,15 +59,19 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Tabs could sometimes not update correctly
 - offlineTime not capping properly
 - Tooltips being user-selectable
+- Pinnable tooltips causing stack overflow
 - Workflows not working with submodules
 - Various minor typing issues
+### Removed
+- **BREAKING** Removed milestones (achievements now have small and large displays)
 ### Documented
-- requirements.tsx
-- formulas.tsx
-- repeatables.tsx
-### Tests
-- requirements
+- every single feature
 - formulas
+- requirements
+### Tests
+- conversions
+- formulas
+- requirements
 
 Contributors: thepaperpilot, escapee, adsaf, ducdat
 
diff --git a/src/data/common.tsx b/src/data/common.tsx
index d163f72..3246135 100644
--- a/src/data/common.tsx
+++ b/src/data/common.tsx
@@ -492,6 +492,11 @@ export function createFormulaPreview(
     });
 }
 
+/**
+ * Utility for converting a modifier into a formula. Takes the input for this formula as the base parameter.
+ * @param modifier The modifier to convert to the formula
+ * @param base An existing formula or processed DecimalSource that will be the input to the formula
+ */
 export function modifierToFormula<T extends GenericFormula>(
     modifier: WithRequired<Modifier, "revert">,
     base: T
diff --git a/src/features/conversion.ts b/src/features/conversion.ts
index 2af1b22..7732c42 100644
--- a/src/features/conversion.ts
+++ b/src/features/conversion.ts
@@ -139,11 +139,11 @@ export function createConversion<T extends ConversionOptions>(
         );
         if (conversion.currentGain == null) {
             conversion.currentGain = computed(() => {
-                let gain = (conversion as GenericConversion).formula.evaluate(
-                    conversion.baseResource.value
-                );
-                gain = Decimal.floor(gain).max(0);
-
+                let gain = Decimal.floor(
+                    (conversion as GenericConversion).formula.evaluate(
+                        conversion.baseResource.value
+                    )
+                ).max(0);
                 if (unref(conversion.buyMax) === false) {
                     gain = gain.min(1);
                 }
@@ -228,10 +228,11 @@ export function createIndependentConversion<S extends ConversionOptions>(
 
         if (conversion.currentGain == null) {
             conversion.currentGain = computed(() => {
-                let gain = (conversion as unknown as GenericConversion).formula.evaluate(
-                    conversion.baseResource.value
-                );
-                gain = Decimal.floor(gain).max(conversion.gainResource.value);
+                let gain = Decimal.floor(
+                    (conversion as unknown as GenericConversion).formula.evaluate(
+                        conversion.baseResource.value
+                    )
+                ).max(conversion.gainResource.value);
                 if (unref(conversion.buyMax) === false) {
                     gain = gain.min(Decimal.add(conversion.gainResource.value, 1));
                 }
@@ -245,7 +246,9 @@ export function createIndependentConversion<S extends ConversionOptions>(
                         conversion.baseResource.value
                     ),
                     conversion.gainResource.value
-                ).max(0);
+                )
+                    .floor()
+                    .max(0);
 
                 if (unref(conversion.buyMax) === false) {
                     gain = gain.min(1);
@@ -273,13 +276,13 @@ export function createIndependentConversion<S extends ConversionOptions>(
  * @param layer The layer this passive generation will be associated with. Typically `this` when calling this function from inside a layer's options function.
  * @param conversion The conversion that will determine how much generation there is.
  * @param rate A multiplier to multiply against the conversion's currentGain.
- * @param cap A value that should not be passed via passive generation. If null, no cap is applied.
+ * @param cap A value that should not be passed via passive generation.
  */
 export function setupPassiveGeneration(
     layer: BaseLayer,
     conversion: GenericConversion,
     rate: Computable<DecimalSource> = 1,
-    cap: Computable<DecimalSource | null> = null
+    cap: Computable<DecimalSource> = Decimal.dInf
 ): void {
     const processedRate = convertComputable(rate);
     const processedCap = convertComputable(cap);
@@ -290,7 +293,7 @@ export function setupPassiveGeneration(
                 conversion.gainResource.value,
                 Decimal.times(currRate, diff).times(Decimal.ceil(unref(conversion.actualGain)))
             )
-                .min(unref(processedCap) ?? Decimal.dInf)
+                .min(unref(processedCap))
                 .max(conversion.gainResource.value);
         }
     });
diff --git a/src/game/formulas/formulas.ts b/src/game/formulas/formulas.ts
index 9806580..d0a0f81 100644
--- a/src/game/formulas/formulas.ts
+++ b/src/game/formulas/formulas.ts
@@ -317,8 +317,8 @@ export default class Formula<T extends [FormulaSource] | FormulaSource[]> {
 
     // TODO add integration support to step-wise functions
     /**
-     * Creates a step-wise formula. After {@ref start} the formula will have an additional modifier.
-     * This function assumes the incoming {@ref value} will be continuous and monotonically increasing.
+     * Creates a step-wise formula. After {@link start} the formula will have an additional modifier.
+     * This function assumes the incoming {@link value} will be continuous and monotonically increasing.
      * @param value The value before applying the step
      * @param start The value at which to start applying the step
      * @param formulaModifier How this step should modify the formula. The incoming value will be the unmodified formula value _minus the start value_. So for example if an incoming formula evaluates to 200 and has a step that starts at 150, the formulaModifier would be given 50 as the parameter
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ export function printFormula(formula: FormulaSource): string {
 }
 
 /**
- * Utility for calculating the maximum amount of purchases possible with a given formula and resource. If {@ref spendResources} is changed to false, the calculation will be much faster with higher numbers.
+ * Utility for calculating the maximum amount of purchases possible with a given formula and resource. If {@link spendResources} is changed to false, the calculation will be much faster with higher numbers.
  * @param formula The formula to use for calculating buy max from
  * @param resource The resource used when purchasing (is only read from)
  * @param spendResources Whether or not to count spent resources on each purchase or not. If true, costs will be approximated for performance, skewing towards fewer purchases
@@ -1424,7 +1424,7 @@ export function calculateMaxAffordable(
 }
 
 /**
- * Utility for calculating the cost of a formula for a given amount of purchases. If {@ref spendResources} is changed to false, the calculation will be much faster with higher numbers.
+ * Utility for calculating the cost of a formula for a given amount of purchases. If {@link spendResources} is changed to false, the calculation will be much faster with higher numbers.
  * @param formula The formula to use for calculating buy max from
  * @param amountToBuy The amount of purchases to calculate the cost for
  * @param spendResources Whether or not to count spent resources on each purchase or not. If true, costs will be approximated for performance, skewing towards higher cost
diff --git a/tests/features/conversions.test.ts b/tests/features/conversions.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c94df0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/features/conversions.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+import {
+    createCumulativeConversion,
+    createIndependentConversion,
+    GenericConversion,
+    setupPassiveGeneration
+} from "features/conversion";
+import { createResource, Resource } from "features/resources/resource";
+import { GenericFormula } from "game/formulas/types";
+import { createLayer, GenericLayer } from "game/layers";
+import Decimal from "util/bignum";
+import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
+import { ref, unref } from "vue";
+import "../utils";
+
+describe("Creating conversion", () => {
+    let baseResource: Resource;
+    let gainResource: Resource;
+    let formula: (x: GenericFormula) => GenericFormula;
+    beforeEach(() => {
+        baseResource = createResource(ref(40));
+        gainResource = createResource(ref(1));
+        formula = x => x.div(10).sqrt();
+    });
+    afterEach(() => {
+        vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    });
+
+    describe("Cumulative conversion", () => {
+        describe("Calculates currentGain correctly", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            beforeEach(() => {
+                conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula
+                }));
+            });
+            test("Exactly enough", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentGain)).compare_tolerance(100);
+            });
+            test("Just under", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).sub(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentGain)).compare_tolerance(99);
+            });
+            test("Just over", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).add(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentGain)).compare_tolerance(100);
+            });
+        });
+        describe("Calculates actualGain correctly", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            beforeEach(() => {
+                conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula
+                }));
+            });
+            test("Exactly enough", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10);
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(100);
+            });
+            test("Just under", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).sub(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(99);
+            });
+            test("Just over", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).add(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(100);
+            });
+        });
+        describe("Calculates currentAt correctly", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            beforeEach(() => {
+                conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula
+                }));
+            });
+            test("Exactly enough", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentAt)).compare_tolerance(
+                    Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10)
+                );
+            });
+            test("Just under", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).sub(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentAt)).compare_tolerance(Decimal.pow(99, 2).times(10));
+            });
+            test("Just over", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).add(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentAt)).compare_tolerance(
+                    Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10)
+                );
+            });
+        });
+        describe("Calculates nextAt correctly", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            beforeEach(() => {
+                conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula
+                }));
+            });
+            test("Exactly enough", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10);
+                expect(unref(conversion.nextAt)).compare_tolerance(Decimal.pow(101, 2).times(10));
+            });
+            test("Just under", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).sub(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.nextAt)).compare_tolerance(Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10));
+            });
+            test("Just over", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).add(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.nextAt)).compare_tolerance(Decimal.pow(101, 2).times(10));
+            });
+        });
+        test("Converts correctly", () => {
+            const conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                baseResource,
+                gainResource,
+                formula
+            }));
+            conversion.convert();
+            expect(baseResource.value).compare_tolerance(0);
+            expect(gainResource.value).compare_tolerance(3);
+        });
+        describe("Obeys buy max", () => {
+            test("buyMax = false", () => {
+                const conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    buyMax: false
+                }));
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(1);
+            });
+            test("buyMax = true", () => {
+                const conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    buyMax: true
+                }));
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(2);
+            });
+        });
+        test("Spends correctly", () => {
+            const conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                baseResource,
+                gainResource,
+                formula
+            }));
+            conversion.convert();
+            expect(baseResource.value).compare_tolerance(0);
+        });
+        test("Calls onConvert", () => {
+            const onConvert = vi.fn();
+            const conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                baseResource,
+                gainResource,
+                formula,
+                onConvert
+            }));
+            conversion.convert();
+            expect(onConvert).toHaveBeenCalled();
+        });
+    });
+
+    describe("Independent conversion", () => {
+        describe("Calculates currentGain correctly", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            beforeEach(() => {
+                conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    buyMax: true
+                }));
+            });
+            test("Exactly enough", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentGain)).compare_tolerance(100);
+            });
+            test("Just under", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).sub(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentGain)).compare_tolerance(99);
+            });
+            test("Just over", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).add(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentGain)).compare_tolerance(100);
+            });
+        });
+        describe("Calculates actualGain correctly", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            beforeEach(() => {
+                conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    buyMax: true
+                }));
+            });
+            test("Exactly enough", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10);
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(99);
+            });
+            test("Just under", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).sub(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(98);
+            });
+            test("Just over", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).add(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(99);
+            });
+        });
+        describe("Calculates currentAt correctly", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            beforeEach(() => {
+                conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    buyMax: true
+                }));
+            });
+            test("Exactly enough", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentAt)).compare_tolerance(
+                    Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10)
+                );
+            });
+            test("Just under", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).sub(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentAt)).compare_tolerance(Decimal.pow(99, 2).times(10));
+            });
+            test("Just over", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).add(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentAt)).compare_tolerance(
+                    Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10)
+                );
+            });
+        });
+        describe("Calculates nextAt correctly", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            beforeEach(() => {
+                conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    buyMax: true
+                }));
+            });
+            test("Exactly enough", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10);
+                expect(unref(conversion.nextAt)).compare_tolerance(Decimal.pow(101, 2).times(10));
+            });
+            test("Just under", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).sub(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.nextAt)).compare_tolerance(Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10));
+            });
+            test("Just over", () => {
+                baseResource.value = Decimal.pow(100, 2).times(10).add(1);
+                expect(unref(conversion.nextAt)).compare_tolerance(Decimal.pow(101, 2).times(10));
+            });
+        });
+        test("Converts correctly", () => {
+            const conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                baseResource,
+                gainResource,
+                formula
+            }));
+            conversion.convert();
+            expect(baseResource.value).compare_tolerance(0);
+            expect(gainResource.value).compare_tolerance(2);
+        });
+        describe("Obeys buy max", () => {
+            test("buyMax = false", () => {
+                const conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    buyMax: false
+                }));
+                baseResource.value = 90;
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(1);
+            });
+            test("buyMax = true", () => {
+                const conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    buyMax: true
+                }));
+                baseResource.value = 90;
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(2);
+            });
+        });
+        test("Spends correctly", () => {
+            const conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                baseResource,
+                gainResource,
+                formula
+            }));
+            conversion.convert();
+            expect(baseResource.value).compare_tolerance(0);
+        });
+        test("Calls onConvert", () => {
+            const onConvert = vi.fn();
+            const conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                baseResource,
+                gainResource,
+                formula,
+                onConvert
+            }));
+            conversion.convert();
+            expect(onConvert).toHaveBeenCalled();
+        });
+    });
+    describe("Custom conversion", () => {
+        describe("Custom cumulative", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            const convert = vi.fn();
+            const spend = vi.fn();
+            const onConvert = vi.fn();
+            beforeAll(() => {
+                conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    currentGain() {
+                        return 10;
+                    },
+                    actualGain() {
+                        return 5;
+                    },
+                    currentAt() {
+                        return 100;
+                    },
+                    nextAt() {
+                        return 1000;
+                    },
+                    convert,
+                    spend,
+                    onConvert
+                }));
+            });
+            afterEach(() => {
+                vi.resetAllMocks();
+            });
+            test("Calculates currentGain correctly", () => {
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentGain)).compare_tolerance(10);
+            });
+            test("Calculates actualGain correctly", () => {
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(5);
+            });
+            test("Calculates currentAt correctly", () => {
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentAt)).compare_tolerance(100);
+            });
+            test("Calculates nextAt correctly", () => {
+                expect(unref(conversion.nextAt)).compare_tolerance(1000);
+            });
+            test("Calls convert", () => {
+                conversion.convert();
+                expect(convert).toHaveBeenCalled();
+            });
+            test("Calls spend and onConvert", () => {
+                conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    spend,
+                    onConvert
+                }));
+                conversion.convert();
+                expect(spend).toHaveBeenCalled();
+                expect(spend).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.compare_tolerance(2));
+                expect(onConvert).toHaveBeenCalled();
+                expect(onConvert).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.compare_tolerance(2));
+            });
+        });
+        describe("Custom independent", () => {
+            let conversion: GenericConversion;
+            const convert = vi.fn();
+            const spend = vi.fn();
+            const onConvert = vi.fn();
+            beforeAll(() => {
+                conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    currentGain() {
+                        return 10;
+                    },
+                    actualGain() {
+                        return 5;
+                    },
+                    currentAt() {
+                        return 100;
+                    },
+                    nextAt() {
+                        return 1000;
+                    },
+                    convert,
+                    spend,
+                    onConvert
+                }));
+            });
+            afterEach(() => {
+                vi.resetAllMocks();
+            });
+            test("Calculates currentGain correctly", () => {
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentGain)).compare_tolerance(10);
+            });
+            test("Calculates actualGain correctly", () => {
+                expect(unref(conversion.actualGain)).compare_tolerance(5);
+            });
+            test("Calculates currentAt correctly", () => {
+                expect(unref(conversion.currentAt)).compare_tolerance(100);
+            });
+            test("Calculates nextAt correctly", () => {
+                expect(unref(conversion.nextAt)).compare_tolerance(1000);
+            });
+            test("Calls convert", () => {
+                conversion.convert();
+                expect(convert).toHaveBeenCalled();
+            });
+            test("Calls spend and onConvert", () => {
+                conversion = createIndependentConversion(() => ({
+                    baseResource,
+                    gainResource,
+                    formula,
+                    spend,
+                    onConvert
+                }));
+                conversion.convert();
+                expect(spend).toHaveBeenCalled();
+                expect(spend).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.compare_tolerance(1));
+                expect(onConvert).toHaveBeenCalled();
+                expect(onConvert).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.compare_tolerance(1));
+            });
+        });
+    });
+});
+
+describe("Passive generation", () => {
+    let baseResource: Resource;
+    let gainResource: Resource;
+    let formula: (x: GenericFormula) => GenericFormula;
+    let conversion: GenericConversion;
+    let layer: GenericLayer;
+    beforeEach(() => {
+        baseResource = createResource(ref(10));
+        gainResource = createResource(ref(1));
+        formula = x => x.div(10).sqrt();
+        conversion = createCumulativeConversion(() => ({
+            baseResource,
+            gainResource,
+            formula
+        }));
+        layer = createLayer("dummy", () => ({ display: "" }));
+    });
+    test("Rate is 0", () => {
+        setupPassiveGeneration(layer, conversion, 0);
+        layer.emit("preUpdate", 1);
+        expect(gainResource.value).compare_tolerance(1);
+    });
+    test("Rate is 1", () => {
+        setupPassiveGeneration(layer, conversion);
+        layer.emit("preUpdate", 1);
+        expect(gainResource.value).compare_tolerance(2);
+    })
+    test("Rate is 100", () => {
+        setupPassiveGeneration(layer, conversion, () => 100);
+        layer.emit("preUpdate", 1);
+        expect(gainResource.value).compare_tolerance(101);
+    })
+    test("Obeys cap", () => {
+        setupPassiveGeneration(layer, conversion, 100, () => 100);
+        layer.emit("preUpdate", 1);
+        expect(gainResource.value).compare_tolerance(100);
+    })
+});